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1.
Rev. ing. bioméd ; 8(16): 56-64, jul.-dic. 2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-769159

ABSTRACT

Convection-enhanced delivery as a means to deliver therapeutic drugs directly to the brain has shown limited clinical efficacy, primarily attributed to the phenomena of backflow, in which the infused fluid flows preferentially along the shaft catheter rather than forward into the tissue. We have previously developed a finite element model of backflow that includes both material and geometric nonlinearities and the free boundary conditions associated with the displacement of the tissue away from the external surface of the catheter. However, that study was limited to predictions of the tissue deformation and resulting convective fluid velocity in the interstitial space. In this study, we use results from that model to solve for the distribution of the infused therapeutic agent. We demonstrate that a significant percentage of the infused drug is not transported into the region of tissue located forward from the catheter tip, but instead is transported into the region along the lateral sides of the catheter. For lower flow rates, this study suggests that the use of a catheter with a larger radius may be preferable since it will provide the higher amount of drug to be transported to the tissue in front of the catheter. In contrast, for higher flow rates consistent with clinical infusions, the radius of the infusion catheter had minimal effect on the distribution of the infused drug, with most being transported into the tissue around the shaft of the catheter.


Convection-enhanced delivery es una técnica que permite transportar drogas directamente en el cerebro para el tratamiento de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central. Este método ha mostrado una eficacia limitada debido principalmente al fenómeno de reflujo (backflow), según el cual, el fluido inyectado fluye preferiblemente a lo largo del catéter y no hacia el tejido delante de la punta. Previamente desarrollamos un modelo de elementos finitos para representar el reflujo, el cual incluye las no linealidades geométricas y del material y las condiciones de borde libre asociadas con el desplazamiento del tejido en la superficie externa del catéter. Sin embargo, ese modelo solo predice la deformación del tejido y el campo de velocidades en el espacio intersticial. En este estudio, hemos utilizado los resultados provenientes del mencionado modelo bifásico para resolver la ecuación de transporte de masa y predecir la distribución de droga suministrada. Se pudo demostrar que un porcentaje significativo de droga no penetra en el tejido ubicado delante de la punta del catéter, sino que es transportado hacia el tejido ubicado alrededor del catéter. Para bajo caudales, este estudio sugiere que el uso de un catéter con un radio mayor permitiría transportar una mayor cantidad de droga hacia el tejido al frente de la punta. Por otro lado, para los mayores caudales usados en la práctica clínica, el radio del catéter tiene un efecto marginal en la distribución del fármaco, y la mayor cantidad de droga se transporta hacia el tejido ubicado alrededor del catéter.


Convection-enhanced delivery é uma técnica para o transporte de drogas directamente no cérebro para tratar doenças do sistema nervoso central. Este método tem demonstrado eficácia limitada devido, principalmente, ao fenómeno de refluxo (refluxo), através do qual, de preferência, o fluido injectado flui através do cateter para o tecido e não à frente da ponta. Anteriormente desenvolvido um modelo de elementos finitos para representar a refluxo, que inclui geométricas e não-linearidades do material e as condições associadas com a extremidade livre de deslocamento da trama na superfície exterior do cateter. No entanto, este modelo apenas prevê deformação do tecido e campo de velocidades no espaço intersticial. Neste estudo, foram utilizados os resultados do modelo de duas fases acima referidas, para resolver a equação de transporte e prever a distribuição de massa de medicamentos fornecidos. Demonstrou-se que uma percentagem significativa da droga não penetra no tecido localizado em frente da ponta do cateter, que é transportado para o tecido que rodeia o cateter. Para as taxas de fluxo baixas, este estudo sugere que o uso de um cateter com um raio maior do que transportar uma maior quantidade de droga para o tecido em frente da ponta. Além disso, para taxas de fluxo mais elevadas utilizadas na prática clínica, o raio do cateter tem um efeito marginal sobre a distribuição da droga, e tanto fármaco é transportado para o tecido que rodeia o cateter.

2.
Ciênc. cult. (Säo Paulo) ; 47(3): 122-30, May-Jun. 1995. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-191369

ABSTRACT

ATP is a high energy compound that living cells utilize for driving most of their endergonic reactions. Directly or indirectly, ATP yields energy through the splitting of its terminal pyrophosphate bond. In cells, the ATP synthase of energy transducing membranes is responsible for forming from ADP and phosphate most of the ATP that cells need for survival and reproduction. The question of how the enzyme catalyzes ATP synthesis has been addressed by numerous workers for over thirty years. A fundamental discovery was that the enzyme is localized in membranes, and that the energy for ATP formation derives from electrochemical gradients built up by enzymes that catalyze electron transfer and that are localized in those membranes. However, the molecular events that take place in the H+ -ATP synthase during the transformation of the energy of electrochemical gradients into the chemical energy of ATP have not been entirely unveiled. Studies of its structure have shown that the H+ -ATP synthase is one of the most complex enzymes discovered. It has a H+ conducting multisubunit pathway and a multisubunit complex where the catalytic events in ATP synthesis take place. Moreover, it is an enzyme that is regulated by numerous and different factors, i.e., adenine nucleotides, electrochemical H+ gradients and protein-protein interactions. Studies on the mechanisms of energy transduction have shown that synthesis of ATP at the catalytic site of the enzyme is a spontaneous process; this indicates that depending on the environment ATP may be a high or a low energy compound. Thus, even though the enzyme presents many unknowns, it continues to be a source of fundamental and unsuspected aspects of basic biochemistry.


Subject(s)
Proton-Translocating ATPases , Adenine Nucleotides , Binding Sites , Microscopy, Electron , Mitochondria/enzymology , Mitochondria/ultrastructure , Proton-Translocating ATPases/biosynthesis
3.
Rev. cuba. ortop. traumatol ; 2(1): 41-5, abr. 1988. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-74699

ABSTRACT

Se realizó el tratamiento de cuatro pacientes que presentaron parálisis de la musculatura extensora de carpo y dedos en una mano por mediode un programa rehabilitador-quirúrgico, que consistió en la transferencia de músculos en buenas condiciones de la región anterior del antebrazo hacia el dorso del mismo. Estos músculos transferidos sustituyen en su función a los grupos paralizados; para lograrlo se utilizaron diferentes técnicas rehabilitatorias, incluyendo la técnica operatoria, lo que permitió la recuperación funcional de las manos que habían permanecido incapacitadas para su función prensil


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Hand Injuries/therapy , Muscles , Paralysis/rehabilitation
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